Showing posts with label constitution. Show all posts
Showing posts with label constitution. Show all posts

Rehabilitating Lochner: Defending Individual Rights against Progressive Reform Review

Rehabilitating Lochner: Defending Individual Rights against Progressive Reform
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Rehabilitating Lochner: Defending Individual Rights against Progressive Reform ReviewIn my constitutional law class, my understanding of Lochner was as follows: The Supreme Court essentially made up the right to liberty of contract around 1900, and used that right to subvert needed economic reform while ignoring the rights of minorities and others. Wise Justices like Holmes saw right through the majority, and revealed that they were simply trying to impose the Justices' anti-labor preferences on the country at large. Meanwhile, Holmes and his colleague Brandeis started to redirect the Fourteenth Amendment away from the protection of property and contract rights toward the protection of civil liberties. In the 1930s, the anti-Lochner forces won, and Holmes and Brandeis's Progressive vision came to dominate constitutional law.
The thrust of Rehabilitating Lochner is that all of this is conventional wisdom, yet it is wrong in almost every detail. It's a short, readable book, but manages to convey an incredible amount of information about the real story of Lochner, its supporters, its Progressive critics, and the continuing influence of Lochner on modern constitutional law. It's too rich to try to sum up in a short review, so just read it!Rehabilitating Lochner: Defending Individual Rights against Progressive Reform OverviewIn this timely reevaluation of an infamous Supreme Court decision, David E. Bernstein provides a compelling survey of the history and background of Lochner v. New York. This 1905 decision invalidated state laws limiting work hours and became the leading case contending that novel economic regulations were unconstitutional. Sure to be controversial, Rehabilitating Lochner argues that the decision was well grounded in precedent—and that modern constitutional jurisprudence owes at least as much to the limited-government ideas of Lochner proponents as to the more expansive vision of its Progressive opponents. Tracing the influence of this decision through subsequent battles over segregation laws, sex discrimination, civil liberties, and more, Rehabilitating Lochner argues not only that the court acted reasonably in Lochner, but that Lochner and like-minded cases have been widely misunderstood and unfairly maligned ever since. (20110627)

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Antonin Scalia's Jurisprudence: Text and Tradition Review

Antonin Scalia's Jurisprudence: Text and Tradition
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Antonin Scalia's Jurisprudence: Text and Tradition ReviewAccomplished scholar Prof. Ralph Rossum has penned a well-crafted book analyzing the legal opinions and writings of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia. The result is a solid read about how Justice Scalia views the role of a judge and how he sees himself. At least, Rossum gives his own take on how Justice Scalia sees himself. Obviously, the only person who truly knows how he sees himself is Justice Scalia.
One of the two most interesting chapters is Chapter 2: "Text and Tradition." It summarizes Justice Scalia's textualist approach to statutory and constitutional interpretation. In short, when deciding a given case, the plain meaning of the words contained in statutes or constitution provisions matters. Where the plain text is unclear, a jurist should consult the tradition behind the text to understand what the words mean to those who adopted it. The original understanding of the text rather than any original or even secret intent should be controlling. Justice Scalia's approach is tied to an emphasis upon the democratic decision-making process as the basis for legitimate exercise of governmental authority. Not judicial adventurism and second-guessing of democratic decision-making evidenced by statutes and constitutional provisions.
This book is not lengthy. Nor is it written at a highly technical level. So although Rossum indicates on pg. 37 that Justice Scalia "simply has not developed a well-thought-out understanding of the principles of democracy," Rossum does not elaborate much on the point. One will just have to consult law review articles and the like for more in that regard.
The other chapter making for the most interesting reading is Chapter 3: "Constitutional Structure and Separation of Powers." This portion transitions nicely from the previous chapter and underscores the importance that governmental structure plays in Justice Scalia's views of the constitution. During his SCOTUS confirmation hearings, then-Judge Scalia testified that our division of federal power into three branches with a system of checks and balances has been crucial to the defense of our liberties. Rossum proceeds to analyze important separation of powers opinions written by Justice Scalia, including his infamous, lone-ranger dissent in Morrison v. Olsen (1988) concerning the Ethics in Government Act's provision for an independent counsel. At issue was the constitutionality of vesting the independent counsel of executive power despite its detachment from the President. Also important is Rossum's analysis of Justice Scalia's majority opinion in Printz v. United States (1997). The case is typically known as an anti-commandeering decision, but Rossum highlights the separation of powers rationale that Justice Scalia includes in the opinion.
Later chapters deal with Justice Scalia's approach to substantive individual rights and to individual procedural rights. Justice Scalia's textualist emphasis is to prevent "backsliding" or erosion of important freedoms by judicial re-interpretation of democratically-adopted protections.
Some familiarity with Justice Scalia's opinions or his book, A Matter of Interpretation, makes Rossum's book more worthwhile. But it is not essential. One need not be a lawyer to follow Rossum's overview. Nor need one even agree with Justice Scalia's approach to law or decisions in the cases discussed in the book to benefit from reading this book. The book has a sympathetic tone towards its subject, but it is not an advocacy publication. Rossum even insists while Justice Scalia is remarkably consistent in his jurisprudence that he is nonetheless inconsistent in a few areas of law (e.g., state sovereign immunity.)
Rossum set out to describe the jurisprudence of perhaps the most interesting and discussed jurist on SCOTUS today. The author succeeds and the product is an accessible, informative, and interesting read.Antonin Scalia's Jurisprudence: Text and Tradition OverviewLionized by the right and demonized by the left, Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia is the high court's quintessential conservative. Witty, outspoken, often abrasive, he is widely regarded as the most controversial member of the Court.This book is the first comprehensive, reasoned, and sympathetic analysis of how Scalia has decided cases during his entire twenty-year Supreme Court tenure. Ralph Rossum focuses on Scalia's more than 600 Supreme Court opinions and dissents-carefully wrought, passionately argued, and filled with well-turned phrases-which portray him as an eloquent defender of an "original meaning" jurisprudence. He also includes analyses of Scalia's Court of Appeals opinions for the D.C. circuit, his major law review articles as a law professor and judge, and his provocative book, A Matter of Interpretation. Rossum reveals Scalia's understanding of key issues confronting today's Court, such as the separation of powers, federalism, the free speech and press and religion clauses of the First Amendment, and the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. He suggests that Scalia displays such a keen interest in defending federalism that he sometimes departs from text and tradition, and reveals that he has disagreed with other justices most often in decisions involving the meaning of the First Amendment's establishment clause. He also analyzes Scalia's positions on the commerce clause and habeas corpus clause of Article I, the take care clause of Article II, the criminal procedural provisions of Amendments Four through Eight, protection of state sovereign immunity in the Eleventh Amendment, and Congress's enforcement power under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment.The first book to fully articulate the contours of Scalia's constitutional philosophy and jurisprudence, Rossum's insightful study ultimately depicts Scalia as a principled, consistent, and intelligent textualist who is fearless and resolute, notwithstanding the controversy he often inspires.

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Mobility First: A New Vision for Transportation in a Globally Competitive Twenty-first Century Review

Mobility First: A New Vision for Transportation in a Globally Competitive Twenty-first Century
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Mobility First: A New Vision for Transportation in a Globally Competitive Twenty-first Century ReviewI enjoyed reading this book, as it gives a different perspective on urban transportation systems here in the United States. Solutions to many of the mobility issues facing US cities today, especially road congestion, are presented. The solutions preferred by the authors are very aggressive and non-traditional. Reading this book has strengthened my view that solutions to our transportation issues are an important piece to keeping the United States economy strong globally.
I found the chapter on New York City to be especially interesting. It broadened my perspective on the relationship between different modes of transportation in our nation's largest and most complex city.Mobility First: A New Vision for Transportation in a Globally Competitive Twenty-first Century OverviewTraffic congestion is a growing problem and unless policy makers and transportation officials make some dramatic changes, it will rise to unacceptable levels by 2030. In

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Justice Kennedy's Jurisprudence: The Full and Necessary Meaning of Liberty Review

Justice Kennedy's Jurisprudence: The Full and Necessary Meaning of Liberty
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Justice Kennedy's Jurisprudence: The Full and Necessary Meaning of Liberty ReviewFrank Colucci has succeeded where others have failed: he has distilled from Justice Kennedy's seemingly disparate judicial opinions a coherent explanation of the principles that guide Kennedy's jurisprudence.
Justice Kennedy is undoubtedly the most influential member of the current Supreme Court; he is also the most enigmatic. In the past, many scholars have attempted to understand his mind, but have universally fallen flat. Some have fancifully suggested that he is a libertarian. Others have claimed he is controlled by his clerks- as if Justice Kennedy could be controlled by anyone. A number of commentators have attempted to chart his "shifts" to the "left" or "right". Some have contented themselves to merely trying to makes sense of a few of his apparently conflicting opinions, without attempting to develop a full-fledged explication of his broader method. Others have thrown up their hands and said that he is simply unprincipled and inconsistent.
Colucci makes the case that Kennedy is neither unprincipled nor inconsistent. Colucci begins where others have not: by looking at Kennedy's opinions on the 9th Circuit before he became a Justice, as well as his out-of-court statements about the law. Working from there, Colucci offers a convincing account of Justice Kennedy's judicial methodology, and shows that he has consistently followed it from pre-appointment to the present.
Going forward, scholars- both in law and political science- can no longer claim that Justice Kennedy is arbitrary without responding to Colucci's work. For academics, practitioners, and anyone else looking to understand how Justice Kennedy's mind works, this book is a must read.Justice Kennedy's Jurisprudence: The Full and Necessary Meaning of Liberty OverviewTo understand today's Supreme Court, it is essential to understand the judicial philosophy of its swing vote. For twenty years, Justice Anthony M. Kennedy has voted with the majority more than any of his colleagues. He has provided the deciding vote in cases involving politically charged issues such as affirmative action, the 2000 presidential election, religious expression, gay rights, and executive power to detain suspected terrorists. With a record reliably neither liberal nor conservative, Kennedy has generally been viewed as a capricious, indecisive moderate.Frank Colucci, however, argues that Kennedy indeed displays a coherent approach to constitutional interpretation. Colucci digs deep into the Justice's record, offering a close analysis of not only of Kennedy's opinions on the Court but also his prior opinions on the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals, his off-the-bench speeches delivered before becoming a Justice, and his testimony at confirmation hearings. Colucci identifies Kennedy's core belief: that judges have a duty to ensure the word liberty in the Constitution be given its full and necessary meaning.Colucci shows that Kennedy rejects theories of originalism and judicial restraint. Instead, Kennedy adopts a moral reading of the Constitution--similar to that championed by Ronald Dworkin and Randy Barnett as well as former Justice William J. Brennan--in which liberty and human dignity trump even democracy.Depicting Kennedy as seeking an alternative to the perceived excesses of both the Warren Court and originalist overreaction, Colucci also compares Kennedy's rhetoric to Catholic teaching and shows him as struggling to disassociate his personal beliefs from his official duties. Separate chapters offer close readings of Kennedy's jurisprudence regarding abortion, free speech, equality, and government structure.Colucci's persuasive account offers readers a more nuanced understanding of Justice Kennedy's arguments about the nature of personal liberty and the proper role of courts in defining and enforcing it.

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